Россияне и Фома Аквинский: Summa Theologiae: spes et desperatio
А не замахнуться ли нам на Фому нашего, Аквинского и его 40 вопрос из Summa Theologiae Prima Secundae: "De passionibus irascibilis, et primo, de spe et desperatione", решили 39% одиннадцатиклассников территории РФ.
Тематическое направление «Надежда и отчаяние» для итогового сочинения выбрали 39% одиннадцатиклассников, сообщает «Интерфакс» со ссылкой на главу Рособрнадзора Сергея Кравцова.
Всего в 2019 году сочинение написали 674 тысячи учеников 11-х классов. Из них еще 24% выбрали тему «Добро и зло», 23% — «Он и она». Самой непопулярной стала тема «Война и мир», ее выбрали 2% выпускников.
Для английского ума сочинение на такую тему должно содержать следующие размышления:
Aquinas begins the consideration of the irascible passions by treating hope and despair in a single Question. Aquinas is not treating the theological virtue of hope, or the sin of despair, but the passions that take the same names. The causes of hope are multiple. Attending to concrete experience, as he does throughout the Treatise, Aquinas identifies both experience and inexperience as causes of hope, along with alcoholic intoxication. Since hope's object is the possible but difficult future good, a person can never be certain that she will attain what she hopes for. This fact, however, has no tendency for Aquinas to undermine the important distinction between “false hope” and hope that is rational. Aquinas concludes Question 40 by treating the effects of hope, identifying “love” as the principal interior effect and “activity” (operatio) as the principal exterior effect. Though hope and despair, considered as passions, are distinct from the corresponding virtue and sin, the two are related, since the virtues are habits that perfect the powers of the soul, including the powers whose acts are the passions.
Далее нужно упомянуть и Кьеркегора:
Kierkegaard characterizes the relation between despair and hope in two ways: as hopelessness, and as an unwillingness to hope. Using Aquinas’ account of hope and despair, Kierkegaardian despair may be seen fundamentally as hopelessness (as Michael Theunissen claims). However, when despair is seen in this way, a problem may emerge: only weakness would count as genuine despair, with defiance reduced to a preliminary stage. Such a result could even threaten Kierkegaard’s larger narrative: that despair involves the loss of meaning for the self, with faith positioned as the only solution. This narrative requires that both weakness and defiance be genuine forms of despair. Against this conclusion, the argument is made that despair is better characterized as fundamentally an unwillingness to hope. This secures defiance as a form of despair, and explains the most basic opposition between despair and hope.
Испытание школьников РФ проходило 4 декабря. С работой справились 98% школьников, 2% получили незачет.
Итоговое сочинение — обязательное условие для допуска к Единому госэкзамену, кроме того, хорошо написанная работа дает дополнительные баллы при поступлении в вуз.
Аж дух захватывает от осознания того, что 99.9% написавших о надежде и отчаянии наверняка ничего не слышали ни о "разгневанных страстях" Фомы, ни о Кьеркегоре.
Советские люди поют и сами не знают о чем.
Слова Н. Добронравова: "В небе незнакомаяВифлеемская звезда
Светит, словно памятник надежде".
Тематическое направление «Надежда и отчаяние» для итогового сочинения выбрали 39% одиннадцатиклассников, сообщает «Интерфакс» со ссылкой на главу Рособрнадзора Сергея Кравцова.
Всего в 2019 году сочинение написали 674 тысячи учеников 11-х классов. Из них еще 24% выбрали тему «Добро и зло», 23% — «Он и она». Самой непопулярной стала тема «Война и мир», ее выбрали 2% выпускников.
Для английского ума сочинение на такую тему должно содержать следующие размышления:
Aquinas begins the consideration of the irascible passions by treating hope and despair in a single Question. Aquinas is not treating the theological virtue of hope, or the sin of despair, but the passions that take the same names. The causes of hope are multiple. Attending to concrete experience, as he does throughout the Treatise, Aquinas identifies both experience and inexperience as causes of hope, along with alcoholic intoxication. Since hope's object is the possible but difficult future good, a person can never be certain that she will attain what she hopes for. This fact, however, has no tendency for Aquinas to undermine the important distinction between “false hope” and hope that is rational. Aquinas concludes Question 40 by treating the effects of hope, identifying “love” as the principal interior effect and “activity” (operatio) as the principal exterior effect. Though hope and despair, considered as passions, are distinct from the corresponding virtue and sin, the two are related, since the virtues are habits that perfect the powers of the soul, including the powers whose acts are the passions.
Далее нужно упомянуть и Кьеркегора:
Kierkegaard characterizes the relation between despair and hope in two ways: as hopelessness, and as an unwillingness to hope. Using Aquinas’ account of hope and despair, Kierkegaardian despair may be seen fundamentally as hopelessness (as Michael Theunissen claims). However, when despair is seen in this way, a problem may emerge: only weakness would count as genuine despair, with defiance reduced to a preliminary stage. Such a result could even threaten Kierkegaard’s larger narrative: that despair involves the loss of meaning for the self, with faith positioned as the only solution. This narrative requires that both weakness and defiance be genuine forms of despair. Against this conclusion, the argument is made that despair is better characterized as fundamentally an unwillingness to hope. This secures defiance as a form of despair, and explains the most basic opposition between despair and hope.
Испытание школьников РФ проходило 4 декабря. С работой справились 98% школьников, 2% получили незачет.
Итоговое сочинение — обязательное условие для допуска к Единому госэкзамену, кроме того, хорошо написанная работа дает дополнительные баллы при поступлении в вуз.
Аж дух захватывает от осознания того, что 99.9% написавших о надежде и отчаянии наверняка ничего не слышали ни о "разгневанных страстях" Фомы, ни о Кьеркегоре.
Советские люди поют и сами не знают о чем.
Слова Н. Добронравова: "В небе незнакомая
Светит, словно памятник надежде".